PMC

a, b, During all auditory and visual task blocks, low (lowest frequency 200 Hz), medium (561 Hz), and high (1573 Hz) pitched tones were presented with six equidistant pitch levels in each category (pitch range within a category depended on subjective pitch discrimination performance during training). The tones were 200 ms in duration and consisted of two successive 100 ms parts (each part included a 5 ms linear onset and offset ramps). In pitch discrimination tasks (a), the last half of each tone was slightly lower or higher in pitch than the first part (the magnitude of pitch difference depended on the difficulty level). Subjects were required to press a button when the two halves of a tone had the same pitch (target). In the pitch memory tasks (b), the two halves of a tone always had the same pitch and subjects were required to respond when a tone belonged to the same pitch category as the one presented one, two, or three trials before (target in a 2-back task is illustrated). c–h, The task and its difficulty level were indicated by task instruction symbols presented on a screen from 6 s before each block onset until the end of the block. A letter “Λ” (Lambda) or “V” (not shown in the figure) in the middle of task instruction symbols indicated the task modality, auditory or visual, respectively. Pitch discrimination tasks were indicated by one red dot (c–e), while the pitch memory tasks were indicated by two red dots (f–h). In the pitch discrimination tasks, task difficulty level was indicated by the position (yellow rectangles) of the red dot (the leftmost position, easy; second position from the left, medium; rightmost position, hard). For the pitch memory tasks, the distance between two red dots indicated the relative serial positions of the sounds to be compared. For the visual tasks, in addition to the letter V, two red dots were presented at second and third position from the left.

A, B) Brightfield micrographs displaying nLOF resist spot arrays with 10 μm spot diameter and 20 μm pitch produced in soft contact mode (A) and hard contact mode (B), respectively. Scale bars are 100 μm. C) Linear regressions showing the correlation between the photomask feature sizes and the dimensions obtained in soft contact (squares, dashed line, R² = 0.994, Y = 1.075*X + 2.25), hard contact (circles, dotted line, R² = 0.998, Y = 1.068*X + 0.8311), hard contact with the CR-based nLOF process (triangles, full line, R² = 0.999, Y = 1.032*X + 0.07767). The error bars represent standard deviations of 10 repetitions. D) Brightfield micrographs displaying representative nLOF resist spot arrays with varying diameters and pitches (i.e., top left 4 μm diameter and 25 μm pitch, top middle 6 μm diameter and 15 μm pitch, top right 8 μm diameter and 25 μm pitch, bottom left 10 μm diameter and 75 μm pitch, bottom middle 12 μm diameter and 25 μm pitch and bottom right 16 μm diameter and 50 μm pitch, respectively) reproduced with exposure in soft contact mode. Scale bars are 40 μm. Note that the brightfield micrographs in A-B and D are taken with different microscopes.

(a) AFM of a dot array with a 175 nm pitch in a hexagonal pattern array written using hard transparent array, 200 nm scale bar; (b) single polymer feature with a circle of small droplets from original meniscus, 20 nm scale bar; (c) dark-field optical microscopy of array with 500 nm pitch written using hard transparent array with PPL with 14 641 features written per pen, 100 µm scale bar; and (d) zoomed in image pattern made form a single pyramidal pen, 25 µm scale bar.

Diagram of brain measurements on horse (n = 14) and donkey (n = 16) skulls. The olfactory pitch (OP) was measured as the angle between the hard palate (green line) and the longitudinal axis of the olfactory bulb (purple line). The brain pitch (BP) was measured as the angle between the hard palate and the longitudinal axis of the brain (blue line).